There is an article on fairlds.org that addresses this very subject and provides a lot of evidence in the Bible itself of the great apostacy. 
 
You can read it here: 
http://www.fairlds.org/Apostasy/Biblical_Evidences_of_an_Apostasy.html 
 
My personal favorite is Paul's warning to the saints in Thessalonia when he said "Be not soon shaken in mind, or troubled, neither by spirit, nor by word, not by letter as from us, as that the day of Christ is at hand. Let no man deceive you by many means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first." (2 Thessalonians 2:2-3).

I checked out the website and there are plenty of verses warning of a falling away. But I was asking for historical evidence.  
 
For example, there were heresies such as Docetism, Marcion and Montanus (men who taught false doctrines), Gnosticism, Nicolaitans, and Monarchianism. Although these movements threatened the early church, they were resolved by the church leaders.  
Also, there are a clear line of successors to Peter- 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes 
 
One more thing. The early Christians believed in the Real Presence. For example, Ignatius of Antioch said, "I have no taste for corruptible food nor for the pleasures of this life. I desire the bread of God, which is the flesh of Jesus Christ, who was of the seed of David; and for drink I desire his blood, which is love incorruptible" (Letter to the Romans 7:3 [A.D. 110]).  
But no where did the early church fathers believe in new prophets, baptisms for the dead, holy communion as only a symbol, or abstinence from alcohol (they drank wine for communion.) 
But maybe there are ancient documents out there that support LDS beliefs exsisted in the time of the apostles and early church.

Please disregard what I said about "no new prophets." Without prophecy, the book of Revelations wouldn't exist!

There are several other articles on that same site that address various aspects of the apostacy. 
 
http://www.fairwiki.org/Apostasy 
 
I think one of the great evidences of the apostacy was the reformationist movement itself. That whole movement happened because there were many in the Catholic church who believed the church had strayed and fallen away from the original truths and doctrines. 
 
Regarding some of the specific doctrines you mentioned, baptism for the dead is talked about briefly by Paul in 1 Corinthians 15 so this is something they were at least aware of if not practicing. The matter of a literal or symbolic communion has been the subject of much debate for centuries even within the Catholic church. Abstinence from alcohol (Word of Wisdom) is a latter-day revelation and commandment and was not had among the early church because it was not needed back then. 
 
It is important to note that these evidences are just that, evidences. They will not, and cannot prove that LDS beliefs are true. They do, however, open up the possibility that they are true and give us the opportunity perhaps the desire to then seek the real truth from the real source of truth, which is God himself. 
 
As members of the Church of Latter-day Saints, we do not rely on historians or scientists or philisophers or anyone else to tell us what is true. We understand that God himself can and will answer the prayers of those who ask in faith and sincerity. Joseph Smith is the prime example of this. When he had a question about which church taught the true doctrine of Christ, he appealed to the Lord in prayer and in response to that prayer God the Father and His son Jesus Christ appeared to him and told him that all of the churches then on the earth had fallen away and that the true church of Christ was not on the earth (but soon would be). 
I, myself and millions of other latter-day saints have subsequently gone to the Lord in prayer and asked whether Joseph Smith was a prophet of God and whether the Book of Mormon is true and we have received answers through the power of the Holy Ghost. 
This knowlege trumps any historical, scientific or other evidence because it comes directly from God.

Poliop; 
I suspect the most stark evidence of the Apostacy, historically, is the "Church" that emerged following Emperor Constantine's acceptance of Christianity and designation of the first pope. The church had so changed and been infused with the philosophies of the Greeks and Romans that it didn't resemble the original church in practices, let alone in doctrine. The list of those errant doctrines is huge. A good beginning is the 96 thesis of Martin Luther, a Catholic Priest, that were nailed to the Wittenburg chapel door. These were 96 deviations from biblical doctrine that he took exception to from the Church's then present teachings. The teachings were so distant from anything CHrist taught that it is very evident a general apostacy was a foot. Any in-depth study of ancient writing from the early fathers will validate what I have only alluded to here. Finally, I couldn't agree more with the previous contributor - in the end, your confirmation of truth, once studied and lived, can only convincingly come from the source of all truth, Our loving Father in Heaven. May He so answer your fervent prayers.